Pilot proficiency checks are regulatory requirements ensuring pilots maintain competency throughout their flying careers. Whether you're a private pilot keeping your SEP rating current or an airline captain completing your annual LPC, understanding check requirements and preparation strategies is essential for success. This guide covers EASA and FAA proficiency check systems, preparation techniques, and proven methods for passing your check with confidence.
Key Check Facts
Check intervals range from 6-24 months depending on rating type and operation. Begin preparation 4-6 weeks before your check date. Approximately 85-90% of pilots pass on first attempt—inadequate preparation is the primary cause of failure.
"The superior pilot uses superior judgment to avoid situations requiring superior skill."
Understanding Proficiency Checks
A proficiency check is a formal assessment demonstrating a pilot's ability to meet regulatory standards. EASA defines it as "the demonstration of skill to revalidate or renew ratings or privileges, including such oral examination as may be required." Unlike initial skill tests, proficiency checks evaluate ongoing competency rather than newly acquired skills.
Proficiency checks serve multiple purposes: they ensure pilots maintain safe operating standards, provide structured opportunities to practice emergency procedures that cannot be performed during normal operations, and satisfy regulatory requirements for continued privileges.
Types of Proficiency Checks
- • LPC – License Proficiency Check (license revalidation)
- • OPC – Operator Proficiency Check (airline operations)
- • Flight Review – FAA general currency (24 months)
- • IPC – Instrument Proficiency Check (IFR currency)
- • PPC – Pilot Proficiency Check (FAA type ratings)
- • LOE – Line Operational Evaluation (AQP programs)
What Checks Assess
- • Normal procedures and aircraft handling
- • Abnormal and emergency procedures
- • Systems knowledge and management
- • Decision-making and CRM skills
- • Regulatory knowledge compliance
- • Safe exercise of privileges
EASA Proficiency Checks
EASA Part-FCL establishes proficiency check requirements for European license holders. The system distinguishes between license-related checks (LPC) and operational checks (OPC), though they can often be combined.
License Proficiency Check (LPC)
The LPC is required for revalidating or renewing type ratings and certain class ratings. It emphasizes technical flying skills, aircraft handling, and regulatory knowledge. LPCs are conducted in full flight simulators (FFS) for type ratings or in aircraft for class ratings.
| LPC Element | Description |
|---|---|
| Scope | Based on Part-FCL Appendix 9 skill test requirements |
| Duration | Approximately 2 hours (type rating); 1 hour (class rating) |
| Role | Pilot Flying (PF) role throughout assessment |
| Examiner | Type Rating Examiner (TRE), Flight Examiner (FE), or Class Rating Examiner (CRE) |
| Pass Criteria | All mandatory items passed; failure in >5 items requires complete retest |
| Combined Ratings | IR revalidation can be combined with type/class LPC |
Operator Proficiency Check (OPC)
The OPC is exclusive to commercial pilots and focuses on airline-specific operational standards. It's conducted twice yearly and includes training specific to the airline's requirements.
OPC Content
- • Normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures
- • Crew Resource Management (CRM) assessment
- • Low Visibility Operations (LVO) if qualified
- • Special airport qualifications
- • Company-specific SOPs and procedures
- • Pilot seat qualification (left/right seat)
OPC Structure
- • Typically spans two days
- • 4 hours flight time per day
- • 2.5 hours briefing/debriefing daily
- • Both PF and PM roles assessed
- • Scenario-based evaluation
- • Can satisfy LPC requirements simultaneously
LPC + OPC Combined
Many airlines combine LPC and OPC requirements efficiently. An LPC conducted as part of operator recurrent training can satisfy both license revalidation and operational proficiency requirements, reducing simulator time and cost.
Evidence-Based Training (EBT)
EASA is progressively implementing EBT programs based on ICAO Doc 9995. EBT modules include three phases:
- Evaluation phase: Check scenarios from Part-FCL Appendix 9 (satisfies LPC/OPC)
- Manoeuvres validation phase: Demonstrates proficiency in specific manoeuvres
- Scenario-based training phase: Develops pilot core competencies (training, not checking)
FAA Currency Requirements
The FAA system differs from EASA—certificates don't expire, but currency requirements must be met to exercise privileges. Key currency mechanisms include the flight review and instrument proficiency check.
Flight Review (14 CFR §61.56)
The flight review (formerly "BFR") is required every 24 calendar months to act as pilot in command. The FAA emphasizes this is a minimum—more frequent training is encouraged.
| Requirement | Details |
|---|---|
| Ground Training | Minimum 1 hour reviewing Part 91 rules and procedures |
| Flight Training | Minimum 1 hour demonstrating safe exercise of certificate privileges |
| Conducted By | Any appropriately rated CFI |
| Documentation | Logbook endorsement by instructor |
| Pass/Fail | No formal pass/fail—if unsatisfactory, logged as dual training |
Flight review alternatives: The following satisfy flight review requirements: FAA pilot proficiency check (§61.58), Part 121/135 proficiency check, military proficiency check, any certificate or rating practical test, or completion of a WINGS program phase.
Instrument Proficiency Check (14 CFR §61.57)
The IPC restores instrument currency for pilots who haven't met recent experience requirements. It's required if more than 12 months have passed without meeting instrument currency (6 approaches, holding, tracking/intercepting within preceding 6 months).
IPC Knowledge Areas
Chart interpretation, SIDs, STARs, approaches, regulations, weather
IPC Skill Areas
Approaches (precision, non-precision, circling), holds, intercepting/tracking, unusual attitudes
Conducted By
CFII, designated examiner, or military check pilot
Equipment
Aircraft or approved FSTD representing aircraft category
Documentation
Logbook endorsement specifying satisfactory completion
IPC ≠ Flight Review
An IPC does not substitute for a flight review. They serve different purposes and must be endorsed separately. However, an instructor can combine both during the same flight session if they provide separate endorsements for each.
Pilot Proficiency Check (14 CFR §61.58)
The PPC is required annually for pilots acting as PIC of aircraft requiring type ratings operated single-pilot. It's a full checkride using ATP Practical Test Standards, conducted by a DPE authorized for the type, pilot proficiency examiner, or Part 142 training organization.
Check Intervals by Rating Type
| Rating/Certificate | EASA Interval | FAA Interval | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| SEP Class Rating | 24 months | N/A (flight review) | EASA: experience-based or proficiency check |
| MEP Class Rating | 12 months | N/A (flight review) | EASA: proficiency check required |
| Type Rating | 12 months | 12 months (PPC) | Single-pilot jets require annual PPC |
| Instrument Rating | 12 months | 6 months currency | FAA: IPC if >12 months lapsed |
| Commercial Operations | 6 months (OPC) | 12 months (Part 121/135) | Operator-specific requirements apply |
| Flight Review | N/A | 24 months | General PIC currency |
Revalidation vs Renewal
Understanding the distinction between revalidation and renewal is crucial for maintaining your ratings efficiently and cost-effectively.
| Aspect | Revalidation | Renewal |
|---|---|---|
| When | Before rating expiry | After rating has expired |
| Training Required | None (or 1hr refresher for SEP by experience) | Refresher training as required at ATO |
| Check Type | Proficiency check or experience-based (SEP) | Proficiency check mandatory |
| Who Can Sign | Examiner or FCL.945 instructor (experience-based) | Examiner only |
| New Expiry Date | Current expiry + validity period | Check date + validity period |
| Cost | Lower | Higher (additional training) |
Always Aim to Revalidate
Complete your proficiency check or experience requirements before your rating expires. Renewal after expiry requires additional training, costs more, and may delay your return to flying. Set calendar reminders 3 months before expiry dates.
EASA SEP Revalidation by Experience
SEP (and TMG) class ratings can be revalidated without a proficiency check if you meet experience requirements within the 12 months preceding expiry:
SEP Experience Requirements (FCL.740.A)
- 12 hours flight time on SEP/TMG aircraft
- 6 hours as pilot in command (PIC)
- 12 takeoffs and 12 landings
- 1 hour refresher training with FI or CRI "to their satisfaction"
Exemption: The 1-hour refresher training is waived if you've passed any other proficiency check, skill test, or assessment of competence during the validity period.
Preparation Strategies
Successful proficiency checks result from systematic preparation combining knowledge review, skill practice, and mental readiness. Begin preparation 4-6 weeks before your check date.
"By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail."
Knowledge Preparation (4-6 Weeks Before)
Review Aircraft Systems
Study Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM), focusing on limitations, emergency procedures, and systems. Create summary cards for memory items.
Emergency Procedures
Practice memory items until automatic. Review abnormal checklists. Understand the "why" behind each procedure step.
Regulations & Operations
Review applicable regulations (Part-FCL, Part-OPS, or FAR). Study company SOPs if applicable. Review any regulatory updates since last check.
Final Review
Focus on weak areas identified during preparation. Review previous check reports. Mental rehearsal of scenarios.
Flight Preparation
Flying Currency
- • Ensure landing currency with recent practice
- • Practice instrument approaches if IR check
- • Review standard manoeuvres (stalls, steep turns)
- • Practice emergency procedures (simulated)
- • Fly at night if night rating being checked
- • Focus on consistency over perfection
Simulator Practice
- • Book practice session before actual check
- • Focus on weak areas and emergency scenarios
- • Practice with a partner to simulate crew environment
- • Use same simulator type as check if possible
- • Time management—don't rush procedures
- • Debrief thoroughly after each session
Mental Preparation
- Visualize success: Mentally rehearse successful check completion including specific scenarios
- Stress management: Practice techniques for managing evaluation pressure (breathing, positive self-talk)
- Sleep: Ensure adequate rest for several nights before—fatigue significantly impairs performance
- Perspective: Remember the examiner wants you to succeed and is evaluating safety, not perfection
- Expect mistakes: Plan how you'll recover from errors calmly and professionally
Common Failures & How to Avoid Them
Understanding common failure reasons helps pilots focus preparation on high-risk areas. The vast majority of failures result from inadequate preparation rather than lack of ability.
| Failure Area | Common Issues | Prevention |
|---|---|---|
| Unstable Approaches | Not configured, speed deviation, late decisions | Practice stabilized approach criteria; commit to go-around |
| Emergency Procedures | Incomplete memory items, wrong sequence | Practice until automatic; understand underlying logic |
| Systems Knowledge | Cannot explain failures or limitations | Study AFM systems section; practice "what if" scenarios |
| Decision Making | Poor prioritization, delayed decisions | Practice "Aviate, Navigate, Communicate"; scenario training |
| CRM/Communication | Poor callouts, not using PM effectively | Practice standard callouts; brief crew coordination |
| Aircraft Handling | Rough control, altitude/speed exceedance | Recent flying practice; smooth, deliberate inputs |
The Go-Around Decision
One of the most common check failures is continuing an unstable approach. Examiners want to see good judgment. A go-around from an unstable approach demonstrates professional decision-making—never be afraid to go around during a check.
What to Expect on Check Day
Before the Check
- Arrive early to reduce rushing stress
- Bring all required documentation (license, medical, logbook)
- Review aircraft/simulator documentation and airworthiness
- Calculate performance data before examiner arrives
- Eat properly and stay hydrated
Typical Check Structure
Documentation & Briefing
Examiner reviews credentials, discusses check scope, answers questions. Typically 15-30 minutes.
Oral Examination
Knowledge assessment covering systems, limitations, emergency procedures, regulations. Duration varies by check type.
Flight/Simulator Check
Practical demonstration of normal procedures, emergency handling, and manoeuvres. 1-4 hours depending on check type.
Debrief
Examiner provides feedback on performance, discusses areas for improvement, documents result.
During the Check
Do
- • Take your time—slow is smooth, smooth is fast
- • Brief thoroughly before each phase
- • Use checklists consistently
- • Communicate clearly with examiner/crew
- • Recover smoothly from any errors
- • Ask for clarification if unsure
Avoid
- • Rushing through procedures
- • Skipping checklist items
- • Continuing unstable approaches
- • Over-explaining or rambling answers
- • Getting flustered by mistakes
- • Arguing with examiner assessments
"A good pilot is compelled to always evaluate what's happened, so they can apply what they've learned."
After the Check
If You Pass
- Examiner endorses license or provides documentation for authority
- Review debrief feedback—even successful checks have learning points
- Note new expiry dates and set reminders for next revalidation
- Update your personal training records
If You Fail
A failed check is disappointing but not career-ending. Handle it professionally:
- Listen carefully to examiner feedback on failed items
- Understand exactly what went wrong and why
- Complete required remedial training focused on weak areas
- Schedule retest—you only need to retest failed sections
- Use the failure as a learning experience for future improvement
One Failure Is Not Career-Ending
Airlines may ask about check failures in interviews, but one or two failures with demonstrated improvement are not disqualifying. Be honest about what happened and what you learned. Showing you used the experience to grow indicates professionalism.
Maintaining Ongoing Proficiency
Proficiency checks are minimum standards—ongoing development keeps you truly proficient:
- Regular flying: Currency requirements are minimums; fly more frequently if possible
- Continuous learning: Stay current with regulatory changes, safety publications, accident reports
- Personal minimums: Set higher standards than regulatory minimums
- Recurrent training: Don't wait until check time—practice emergency procedures regularly
- WINGS/Safety programs: Participate in voluntary proficiency programs
Frequently Asked Questions
Related Articles
EASA Pilot Licensing Regulations • License Conversion Guide • Pilot Proficiency Checks